When we think of the American Revolution and the birth of the United States, familiar names like Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and George Washington come to mind. We often attribute their ideals of liberty, justice, and equality to Enlightenment thought and Western philosophical traditions. However, a closer examination of history reveals an overlooked yet profound influence: Zoroastrianism, the ancient Persian religion founded by Zarathustra (Zoroaster).
This article argues that Zoroastrian philosophy, through its integration into Enlightenment thought, Freemasonry, and the intellectual pursuits of the Founding Fathers, is a hidden cornerstone of America’s founding principles. With evidence from historical texts, personal writings, and philosophical parallels, we make the case that Zoroastrianism is an integral yet unrecognized root of American values.
The Enlightenment: A Conduit for Zoroastrian Ideals
The Enlightenment, the intellectual movement that inspired the American Revolution, drew heavily from ancient philosophies, including Zoroastrianism. European thinkers like Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Kant, whose works profoundly influenced the Founding Fathers, were captivated by Zoroastrian teachings.
- Voltaire’s Admiration for Zarathustra:
Voltaire referred to Zarathustra as a “great sage” and praised his focus on reason, moral responsibility, and the dualistic struggle between good (Asha) and evil (Druj). He believed Zoroastrianism represented a rational and ethical religion, free from superstition. - Montesquieu’s Influence on American Governance:
Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the Laws, which inspired the U.S. Constitution’s separation of powers, drew from the governance model of the Achaemenid Empire, a Zoroastrian dynasty. The Achaemenids emphasized decentralized governance, justice, and the rule of law—principles echoed in the American system.
Key Connection:
The Declaration of Independence’s assertion that “all men are created equal” aligns with Zoroastrianism’s belief in the equal spiritual dignity of all humans as creations of Ahura Mazda.
Thomas Jefferson: A Student of Zoroastrianism
Thomas Jefferson, principal author of the Declaration of Independence, was an avid reader of ancient texts, including those on Persian history and Zoroastrianism. His personal library contained works by Herodotus and translations of the Zend-Avesta, the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism.
- Jefferson’s Emphasis on Truth and Reason:
Jefferson’s belief in the pursuit of truth and his rejection of monarchy reflect Zarathustra’s teachings on moral responsibility and the rejection of tyranny (Druj). In his letters, Jefferson often emphasized the importance of individual autonomy and ethical governance, principles rooted in Zoroastrian thought.
Key Evidence:
Jefferson’s concept of “unalienable rights”—life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness—parallels Zoroastrian teachings that every individual has a divine responsibility to choose righteousness and contribute to the world’s harmony.
Benjamin Franklin and Zoroastrian Ethics
Benjamin Franklin’s famous “13 Virtues” for self-improvement align strikingly with Zoroastrian moral principles:
- Justice: Both Franklin and Zarathustra emphasized fairness and the protection of the vulnerable.
- Cleanliness and Order: Zoroastrianism’s focus on purity in thought, word, and deed resonates with Franklin’s emphasis on cleanliness and order.
- Humility: Franklin’s call to “imitate Jesus and Socrates” mirrors Zarathustra’s teachings on humility as a moral strength.
Franklin’s involvement in Freemasonry, an organization heavily influenced by Zoroastrianism through Mithraic traditions, further connects him to these ideals.
Freemasonry: A Gateway to Zoroastrian Ideals
Freemasonry, which played a significant role in shaping the ideas of many Founding Fathers, has deep roots in ancient traditions, including Zoroastrianism. The Mithraic Mysteries, a Roman cult derived from Zoroastrian worship of Mithra (the god of truth and justice), heavily influenced Masonic rituals and symbols.
- Symbols and Rituals:
Freemasonry’s use of light as a metaphor for knowledge, the all-seeing eye, and the compass and square echoes Zoroastrian imagery of fire, truth, and moral guidance. - George Washington’s Masonic Connection:
As a Freemason, George Washington would have encountered these ideas, which likely shaped his vision of leadership and governance.
Key Connection:
The revolutionary ethos of fighting tyranny and building a just society mirrors the Zoroastrian dualism of combating falsehood (Druj) to uphold truth (Asha).
The Zoroastrian Vision of America
Zarathustra’s teachings on creating an ideal world (Frashokereti) resonate with the American vision of a “city upon a hill.” The Founders’ belief in building a society based on justice, equality, and liberty reflects Zarathustra’s call to align human actions with divine order (Asha).
- Environmental Stewardship:
Zoroastrianism’s emphasis on protecting the earth as a divine creation aligns with early American ideals of stewardship and harmony with nature. - Universal Justice:
The Zoroastrian concept of Aramaiti (devotion and righteousness) inspired the Founders’ commitment to justice and equality for all.
Counterarguments and Rebuttals
Some may argue that Zoroastrianism’s influence on America is too indirect to be significant. However, the following evidence counters this claim:
- Jefferson’s Personal Library: The presence of Zoroastrian texts in Jefferson’s collection suggests direct engagement with these ideas.
- Freemasonry’s Role: The Founders’ Masonic affiliations provided a clear channel for Zoroastrian principles to influence their thinking.
- Philosophical Parallels: The alignment of Zoroastrian teachings with revolutionary ideals is too strong to be coincidental.
Embracing America’s Zoroastrian Roots
Zoroastrianism, through its integration into Enlightenment thought and Masonic traditions, played a significant yet unacknowledged role in shaping the ideals of the American Revolution. The principles of truth, justice, free will, and the dignity of humanity—cornerstones of Zoroastrian philosophy—are deeply embedded in the founding documents and governance of the United States.
Recognizing this hidden legacy not only enriches our understanding of America’s intellectual roots but also honors the timeless wisdom of Zoroastrianism. As Americans, we must embrace this diverse heritage to fully appreciate the global and historical forces that shaped our nation.
Let us remember: the flame of liberty that burns brightly in America today owes much to the eternal flame of truth kindled by Zarathustra thousands of years ago.